Table of Contents

Genocide: A Reference Handbook

• Cover Cover11
• Title Page v6
• Copyright Page vi7
• Table of Contents ix10
• Preface xv16
• 1: Background and History 120
• • A Brief History of the Events of the 20th Century That Led to the Conceptof Genocide 524
  • • The Sovereign Nation-State and Genocide 524
    • Treaties and Conventions to Restrain Military Actions during Wars 625
    • The Definition of Genocide, 1933–1948 827
    • Early 20th-Century “Genocides” 1635
    • International Military Tribunals in Germanyand Japan, 1945–1948 1938
  • Key Issues Associated with Genocide 2039
  • • Why Do People Kill Other People? 2140
    • Perpetrators, Victims, and Bystanders 2443
    • The Stages Leading to Genocide 2645
  • References 2948
• 2: Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 3150
• • Fifty Years of Nonuse of the 1948 Genocide Convention, 1948–1998 3251
  • • Critics of the Genocide Convention 3352
    • No Enforcement Mechanism to Intervene to Stop Genocide or Apprehend Genocidists 3655
    • Lack of Political and Diplomatic Will by the UN and Major Western Powers 3857
  • Possible Solutions to the Weaknesses Associated with Enforcement of the 1948 Genocide Convention 4059
  • • Amnesty 4261
    • Truth and Reconciliation Commissions 4463
    • Replace the UN with a Collective Humanitarian Intervention Organization 4665
    • National Legal Tribunals to Try Indicted Genocidists 4867
    • Ad Hoc ICTs 4867
    • Hybrid ICCs to Deal with Genocidists 4968
    • Mediation between Warring Parties 5170
    • The Permanent ICC, 1998, 2002 5271
    • The Gacaca Trials in Rwanda 5776
  • The Critical Role of International Nongovernmental Organizations in Encouraging and Drafting International Human Rights Conventions and Taking Actions to Prevent Genocide 5877
  • • Operational and Campaigning NGOs 6180
    • Other Categories of NGOs 6281
  • The Perennial Clash between Justice and Sovereignty 6281
  • References 6382
• 3: Special U.S. Issues: The United States and the Creation of an International Criminal Court 6786
• • American Antipathy toward the Idea of an ICC, 1918–2010 6887
  • The “Two Roads Taken” by the United States before and during the Drafting of the Rome Treaty of the ICC, 1998: the Bill Clinton Years 7190
  • America’s Position after the Signing of the Rome Treaty, 2001–2009: the George W. Bush Years 7493
  • • President Bush’s “Unsigning” of the Rome Statute, May 2002, and Other Actions in Response to the “Entry into Force” of the ICC, July 2002–2009 7493
    • The March toward Passage of the American Servicemen’s Protection Act (ASPA), 2001–2002 7796
    • The Bilateral Immunity Agreement (BIA) as Another Strategy of the Bush Administration to Weaken the ICC 81100
    • • Another Strategy of the Bush Administration to Weaken the ICC 81100
  • The Status of U.S. Policy Regarding the ICC after the 2008 Election of Democratic President Barack Obama, 2009–2012 84103
  • The Future of International Law in the Nation-State Universe 88107
  • References 91110
• 4: Chronology 93112
• • 1904–1907—German South West Africa, Herreros 93112
  • 1915–1923—Ottoman Turkey, Armenians, 1.5–2 Million Dead 94113
  • 1932–1933—USSR, Ukraine’ s Forced Famine: 7 Million Dead 95114
  • 1937—Japan, The Rape of Nanking, China: 300,000 Dead Chinese 96115
  • 1941–1945—The Nazi Holocaust: Approximately 6 Million Dead Jews, as well as Other Ethnic Groups and Nationalities: Roma-Sinti, Russians, and Poles 96115
  • 1945–1948—International Military Tribunals Created in Germany and Japan at the Conclusion of the War 97116
  • 1947–1948—UN: International Convention on Genocide Established 98117
  • 1949—Communist China’ s Great Leap Forward: 27 Million Die of Starvation 98117
  • 1951—Genocide Convention in Force 98117
  • 1967–1970—Biafran War, Nigeria 98117
  • 1971—East Pakistan, East Bengal 99118
  • 1971–1979, Uganda’s Killing Fields 100119
  • 1972—Burundi, 150,000 Hutus Executed in Two Months 100119
  • 1975–1979—Cambodian Khmer Rouge:2 Million Dead Cambodians 101120
  • 1977–1978—Ethiopian Red Terror 101120
  • 1981–1983—Guatemala, Murder of the Indigenous Maya 103122
  • 1987–1991—Iraq, Anfal Campaign against the Kurds 103122
  • 1992–1995—Serbia, 200,000 Bosnian Muslims Killed 104123
  • 1993—UN Resolution 827 Creates International Criminal Tribunal, Yugoslavia 105124
  • 1994—Rwanda, 800,000 Tutsis Killed by Hutu Militias in Three Months 105124
  • 1994—UN: Resolution 955, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Created 106125
  • 1998–2007—Democratic Republic of the Congo 106125
  • 2003–Present—Sudan, Darfur:400,000 Black Arabs Killed 107126
• 5: Biographical Sketches 109128
• • Hafez al-Assad 109128
  • Omar Hassan al-Bashir 110129
  • Idi Amin 111130
  • Ion Antonescu 111130
  • Col. Theoneste Bagosora 112131
  • Ismail Enver 113132
  • Gen. Romeo Lucas Garcia 114133
  • Adolf Hitler 114133
  • Saddam Hussein 116135
  • Shiro Ishii 117136
  • Radovan Karadzic 118137
  • Haile Mariam Mengistu 119138
  • Slobodan Milosevic 120139
  • Gen. Ratko Mladic 121140
  • Jose Efrain Rios Montt 122141
  • Anton Pavelic 123142
  • Gen. Augusto Pinochet 125144
  • Pol Pot 125144
  • Joseph Stalin 126145
  • Haji Suharto 128147
  • Pasha Mehmat Talat 128147
  • Father Joseph Tiso 129148
  • Mao Tse-Tung 130149
  • Gen. Jorge Raphael Videla 131150
  • Lothar Von Trotha 132151
• 6: Documents 133152
• • Documents 133152
  • General Orders No. 100: Instructions for the Governmentof Armies of the United States in the Field by FrancisLieber: April 24, 1863 133152
  • The Hague Peace Conference, 1899 135154
  • The Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928, Excerpts 136155
  • Raphael Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, and Proposals for Redress, 1944 137156
  • Constitution of the International Military Tribunal (TheNuremberg Charter), 1945, Excerpts 139158
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, December 10,1948 143162
  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, December 9, 1948 150169
  • Summary of Geneva Conventions, 1949 151170
  • Statute of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, May 1993, Amended May 1998, 2000, Excerpts 154173
  • Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and O 160179
  • Preamble and Selected Articles, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, July 17, 1998 162181
  • Proposed Text of Article 98 Agreements with the United States, July 2002 192211
  • Article 98 Waivers Signed by the United States and a Second Nation-State, 2002–2008 193212
  • Nongovernmental Organization Coalition Letter to Congress Regarding Bilateral Immunity Agreements, May 30, 2008 196215
  • Chapter 7, UN Charter, 1945: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression 198217
• 7: Directory of Organizations 201220
• • NGOs Working on Genocide and Human RightsIssues 201220
  • • The NGO Directory 203222
  • Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) Workingon Genocide Issues 213232
  • • The UN System 215234
  • NGOs Affiliated with the UN and Its Agenciesor Affiliated with Other IGOs 218237
  • Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs), Other Than the UN and Its Agencies, with a Focus on Human Rights and Peacekeeping Operations 221240
• 8: Resources 225244
• • Print Resources 225244
  • • General 226245
    • Specifi c Genocides and Mass Murders 237256
    • Press Coverage 251270
  • Journals/Reports 252271
  • Nonprint Resources 254273
  • • Films 254273
    • Documentaries 256275
    • Television/Videotapes 258277
    • Databases/Web Sites 258277
• Glossary 261280
• Index 267286
• About the Author 277296