Timeline 1808 Napoleon Bonaparte invades Spain, forces Charles IV and his son Ferdinand to abdi- cate, and installs his brother Joseph as king. Creole juntas that seek autonomy emerge in Spanish America 1810 Struggle for independence begins in Spanish America with revolts in Mexico, Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, and Colombia 1811 Independence of Paraguay 1814 Ferdinand VII assumes Spanish throne, re- stores absolutist rule, and repeals 1812 Cádiz Constitution 1816–1818 Independence of Argentina and Chile 1820 Rebellion in Spanish port of Cádiz by Lieu- tenant Colonel Rafael del Riego forces Ferdi- nand VII to restore 1812 Cádiz constitution 1821 Independence of Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, and Colombia 1822 Brazil gains independence from Portugal and becomes a constitutional monarchy
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