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v Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii Chronology xxvii Chapter 1: John Cabot’s Expeditions, 1497–1499 1 Biography of John Cabot 1 1. King Henry VII of England Grants John Cabot a Letters Patent to Explore 5 2. Initial Reports of John Cabot’s Discovery of Land to the West 7 3. Raimondo di Soncino Reports on Cabot’s Discoveries in Detail to His Master, the Duke of Milan, December 18, 1497 10 4. Soncino Reports of John Cabot’s Plans for His 1498 Voyage, December 18, 1497 12 5. Grant for and Petition to Pay John Cabot’s Pension 14 6. Second Letters Patent to John Cabot, February 3, 1498 16 7. Spanish Reactions 18 8. Bristol Custom Rolls 20 9. Sebastian Cabot’s Account of His Father and His Subsequent Voyages 24 10. Uses and Abuses of Cabot’s Legacy, September 11, 1718 27 Chapter 2: Jacques Cartier’s Expeditions, 1534–1536 33 by Jay H. Buckley and Jeffery D. Nokes Biography of Jacques Cartier 33 11. Island of Birds, May 1534 38 12. The Geography of Newfoundland, June 1534 40 13. Trade with Beothuk People, July 1534 42 14. The Mi’kmaq, July 1534 43 15. Discovery of the St. Lawrence River, August–September 1535 46 16. Beluga Whales and Other Marine Life, August 1535 47 17. Lord of Canada, September 1535 49 18. Hochelaga, October 1535 51