xxiii Chronology 1735 D’Anville’s Atlas of China is published with the first European map of Tibet. Much of the Tibetan surveying is conducted by Chinese who received their training from Europeans. 1739 Nadir Shah occupies and sacks the Moghul capital of Dehli and steals the “Peacock Throne” and the Koh-I-nur diamond the Moghul empire falls into decline. 1741–1745 The third Capuchin mission to Lhasa is undertaken. 1755 The seventh Dalai Lama begins construction of the Summer Palace as the official residence of future Dalai Lamas. 1767 Captain Kinloch is dispatched on a failed mission to Kathmandu to aid the Newari king against Gurkha aggression. 1768 Gurkhas occupy Kathmandu Valley. 1774–1775 George Bogle becomes the first British citizen to cross the Himala- yas into Tibet. 1782 Rennell’s “Map of Hindoostan” is first published. 1783–1784 Samuel Turner arrives in Tibet and visits Tashilhunpo and Shigatse. 1788 Nepal invades Tibet Tibetans sue for peace and agree to pay Gurkhas an annual indemnity to withdraw. 1791 Nepalese invade Tibet for a second time Shigatse is captured, and Tashil- hunpo is sacked. 1792 Gurkha–Tibetan conflict arises as Tibet attempts to conduct its own for- eign policy. The Chinese intervene and drive out Gurkhas, thereby facilitating a renewed Chinese influence in the region. Chinese power will remain unchal- lenged until their defeat by the Japanese in 1895. 1793 Kirkpatrick undertakes a mission to Nepal. 1800 German scholar Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen uses the term “Silk Road” (Seidenstrasse) for the first time. The Manchus take over the Tarim Basin, and Xinjiang province is created under the Qing dynasty. Elias crosses the Pamirs, identifies Muztagh Ata, and recommends the establishment of the Wakhan Corridor. Younghusband crosses the Gobi Desert and establishes a new route from Peking to Kashgar via the Muztagh Pass. Hedin explores the Kun Lun and Takla Makan deserts, and there he unearths buried cities along the old Silk Road. Conway crosses the Karakoram Mountains, Stein begins his archaeologi- cal investigations of the Takla Makan and central Asia, and the Great Game between Tsarist Russia and British India expands into Central Asia. 1801–1803 Charles Crawford travels to Nepal. He surveys and maps Kath- mandu Valley and makes a small map of Nepal, all based on information gath- ered from native travelers. 1804 The Mughal emperor at Delhi is placed under British protection. 1809 Metcalf’s treaty with Ranjit Singh extends British influence to Sutlej. The Treaty of Amritsar between the British East India Company and Ranjit Singh strengthens the Sikh Empire. 1810 Pottinger and Christie explore in Baluchistan and southern Afghanistan before traveling into Persia.