Introduction 3 will emerge within the context of the struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union, but at the same time, neither the CIA nor the KGB were ever to move completely away from heavy reliance on intelligence officers and agents. These three points combined provide a detailed history that explains the quest for security and stability that both the United States and Soviet Union believed were essential for the duration of the Cold War. In fact, the need to be aware of the intentions and capabilities of other nations did not begin with the Cold War and therefore did not end with the Cold War. Therefore, this work will also provide a glimpse into how the CIA and KGB/FSB adapted to the end of the Cold War in an effort to maintain their fundamental mission in the post–Cold War security environment. To accomplish the objectives and goals established above, the work is com- posed of seven chapters that span the period from 1944 to the first decade of the 21st century. ORGANIZATION OF THE WORK “Chapter 1: Allies Become Enemies, 1944–1946” begins with a ­ discussion of the Manhattan Project, which was the intensive scientific effort by the United States to develop an atomic bomb, and explores how the Soviet Union, though an ally, had thoroughly infiltrated the highly classified pro- ject in an effort to ensure that the Soviet Union did not end up in a signifi- cant position of weakness. Specific focus will be on how the Soviet Union cultivated and used Ted Hall and Klaus Fuchs as vital sources for gather- ing intelligence on the scientific and technical details of U.S. progress on the design and production of atomic bombs.2 In addition to the background story of the Soviet Union’s infiltration of the Manhattan Project, the first chapter highlights the process by which the United States and the Soviet Union came to distrust one another as World War II ended and the Cold War began. The first battleground in the Cold War was a fight over the solidification of spheres of influence left in the wake of the collapse of the Nazis’ empire and the destruction of World War II. As Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union worked feverishly to control Central and Eastern Europe, the United States and its Western allies strove to ensure that the specter of communism did not seep into and establish a foothold in Western Europe. Hence, a significant portion of this first chapter looks at how the Soviet Union skillfully worked to achieve control over Czechoslovakia and Hun- gary, by using intelligence and a strong network of spies and informants to maintain tight communist control. As a result of the inroads into Hungary and Czechoslovakia, the United States became deeply concerned about the political potential of domestic communist parties in France and Italy.3 As the United States wrestled with the need to combat the encroachment of
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