Copyright © 2018 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in this book, but in some instances this has proven impossible. The editors and publishers will be glad to receive information leading to more complete acknowledgments in subsequent printings of the book and in the meantime extend their apologies for any omissions. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Maisel, Sebastian, 1970– editor. Title: The Kurds : an encyclopedia of life, culture, and society / Sebastian Maisel, editor. Description: Santa Barbara, California : ABC-CLIO, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017061633 (print) | LCCN 2018016889 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440842573 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440842566 (hardcopy : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781440842573 (ebook : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Kurds—Encyclopedias. Classification: LCC DS59.K86 (ebook) | LCC DS59.K86 K875 2018 (print) | DDC 909/.0491597003—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn . loc . gov / 2017061633 ISBN: 978-1-4408-4256-6 (print) 978-1-4408-4257-3 (ebook) 22 21 20 19 18 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook. ABC-CLIO An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 www.abc-clio.com This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America