Preface ix Introduction xi Part I: Thematic Essays Origins and History 3 Geography 19 Po­liti­cal Systems and Parties 31 Religion 48 Conflicts and Issues 64 Social Organ­ization and ­Family Life 82 Gender Roles 95 Housing and Settlements 105 Life and Work 118 Education 129 Language 141 Lit­ er ­ a ­ ture 163 Media 180 Food and Dress 190 ­ Music 198 Cinema 208 Part II: Country Profiles France 219 Germany 225 Iran 231 Iraq 241 Israel 256 Lebanon 260 Rus­sia and Transcaucasia 264 Sweden 271 Syria 275 Contents
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