CHAPTER ONE Best Laid Plans and Their Miscarriage: The 1914 Campaigns in the East In my opinion, the whole European War depends on the outcome of the struggle between Germany and France, and so the fate of Austria will not be decided ultimately on the Bug, but on the Seine. —Generaloberst Helmuth von Moltke, February 10, 19131 Hopefully we will return victorious after November. —General der Infanterie Viktor Freiherr von Dankl2 In the coming days, I foresee the start of a new and probably prolonged period of battles in the left bank of the Vistula against large German and Austrian forces, the outcome of which will be of decisive importance. —Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, October 1, 19143 I am only afraid that the Austrians are done for. —Max Hoffmann, November 22, 19144 The prospect of war between the three empires that occupied central and eastern Europe after 1871 had been present for some time. Long-term antag- onism between Russia and Austria-Hungary, dating from the Crimean War, could bring the two empires into conflict. Recognizing this, German
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