xxi Chronology 1865 Confederacy surrenders, ending the Civil War. United States ratifies the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Con- stitution, abolishing slavery. Missouri adopts new state constitution requiring racial segregation of public schools. 1866 Missouri passes law prohibiting interracial marriage. Fisk University founded in Nashville, Tennessee. U.S. Congress establishes the first all-black peacetime regiments of the regular U.S. Army, which come to be known as the “buffalo soldiers.” 1867 Howard University founded in Washington, DC. 1868 United States ratifies the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which defines U.S. citizens as all persons born or natural- ized in the United States and prohibits state governments from passing laws that violate the rights of citizens or that deprive any person due pro- cess and equal protection of the law. Arkansas passes law mandating racial segregation of public schools. Louisiana adopts a new state constitution that provides for state-funded education and prohibits racial segregation of schools. South Carolina passes law barring racial segregation of public education. Hampton Agricultural and Industrial School (later Hampton Institute and then Hampton University) founded in Hampton, Virginia. 1869 South Carolina passes laws barring racial segregation on public carriers and accommodations and permits interracial marriage. 1870 United States ratifies the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Con- stitution, which prohibits the federal and state governments from depriv- ing any citizen of the right to vote based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
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