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4 Immigration Reform and recent history of U.S. immigration policy and the politics of immigration policymaking for both legal and unauthor- ized immigration (Ackerman and Furman 2013 Brotherton and Kretsedemas 2008 Chomsky 2014 Golash-Boza 2012 Hernandez 2010 Ngai 2011, 2014 Orreniris and Zavodny 2010 Schrug 2010 Waters et al. 2007). Forerunners to Current U.S. Legal Immigration Law Th e Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 Just as Donald Trump’s election to the presidency put compre- hensive immigration policy back on the agenda of Congress in 2018, the election of President John F. Kennedy (JFK) in 1960 opened the way for the last time Congress passed com- prehensive legal immigration reform. It resulted in the law that is to this day the basis of U.S. immigration policy. Any immigration law passed in the future will be an amendment to the 1965 act. American politics in the early 1960s was convulsed with civil rights issues. While serving as U.S. senator (D-MA), John F. Kennedy wrote A Nation of Immigrants (1958/reissued 2008). In his immigration book, Kennedy, whose other book, titled Profi les in Courage , won a Pulitzer Prize in 1957, argued for ending the quota system that had determined legal immigra- tion policy since 1921. Kennedy favored increasing legal im- migration and establishing an immigration system that was less openly racially biased. In 1963, the Kennedy administration submitted a bill to Congress that would comprehensively re- form legal immigration. It failed to pass either house of Con- gress. Upon Kennedy’s assassination in November 1963, his vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) assumed the offi ce. President Johnson resubmitted that proposal on January 13, 1965. It was introduced into the House chamber by Repre- sentative Emanuel Celler (D-NY), who was then chair of the House Judiciary Committee. In the U.S. Senate, the bill was introduced by Senator Philip Hart (D-MI). Among the bill’s