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Preface xix of the homeland security debate. It introduces the reader to the concept of “groupthink” behavior in decision making and how that affected the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. It covers management problems arising from merging so many diverse agencies and programs into one huge depart- ment of government. It introduces the reader to the concept of cyberattacks and warfare and how they affect internal security. It examines the problem of trying to balance the need for greater safety and security with the cherished American values of civil liberty and privacy rights. It shows why immigration reform— inherently linked to security issues—is so complex and difficult to achieve, enact, and implement. It examines climate change and how the political debate over climate change and policy designed to mitigate it meet political opposition despite the increasing frequency and intensity of climate-related natural disasters. It reviews the scandals that shook the Secret Service, an agency now housed within the Department of Homeland Security. It covers the controversy associated with President Trump’s use of executive orders to impose a travel ban on visi- tors to the United States from Muslim-majority countries. It explores the needs of American business and the economy that have been adversely impacted by policy designed to secure the homeland by tightening controls of the visa application and visitors’ visa program. It illustrates the rich complexity of the federal system of government and how the three levels of gov- ernment impact homeland security policy making. It covers how migration to the United States had contributed to a posi- tive (for the U.S. economy and society) brain drain and how current policy to ensure greater security has adversely affected that brain-drain trend. It examines how the Social Security pro- gram is affected by the crackdown on immigration and more restrictive immigration policy. Chapter 1 discusses the history and background of homeland security lawmaking. It covers some of the precursor laws that comprised federal policy before the 9/11 attacks. It provides a thorough examination of the economic, political, and social