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In historiography, which is the study of the writing of history and the employ- ment of historical methods, a primary source is a document, recording, artifact, work of art or literature, or other information resource that was created at or near the time being studied, usually by someone with direct, personal knowledge of the particular past events, persons, or topics being described. Primary sources are original sources of information about the past, unlike secondary sources, which are works later historians create from a study, citation, and evaluation of primary sources. A modern text of American history, like Stephen Ambrose’s Undaunted Courage a modern biography, like Danisi and Johnson’s Meriwether Lewis or a mod- ern television series, like PBS’s Lewis and Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery may all be helpful in explaining the journey of Lewis and Clark in the nineteenth century to contemporary readers and viewers, but they are all secondary descrip- tions and depictions based on firsthand experiences and recollections recorded and preserved in the primary documents of the period. Primary documents—as illustrated by the document selections included in Documents of the Lewis and Clark Expedition—come in many forms and types, including letters, journals, polemics, speeches, literary works, and public records and documents. All these types of sources were written by a particular person at a particular time in a particular place for a particular reason. Some were written with no expectation that they would ever be read by anyone other than the origi- nal recipient others were written for publication or at least with an eye to wider distribution. Some were meant to inform, some to persuade, some to entertain, and some to obfuscate. Each exhibits the political, religious, class, ethnic, or per- sonal biases of their creators, whether those attitudes were consciously or uncon- sciously expressed. Some are the product of poor memories, bad information, or outright deception, but all are authentic voices of someone alive at the time, and all can add at least a little to the information we have of an otherwise-irrecoverable past age or person. Nonetheless, historians must carefully evaluate and test all pri- mary sources to determine how much weight and credibility each should be given. How to Read Primary Documents When evaluating a primary source, historians ask the following questions: 1. Who wrote or produced it? What is known about this person’s life or career? 2. When was the source written or produced? What date? How close or far was that date from the date of the events described? Evaluating and Interpreting Primary Documents