Contents | vii Chapter 5: Religion and Thought 157 Overview 157 Catholicism 159 Islam 161 Judaism 164 Laïcité 166 Philosophy (Contemporary) 168 Philosophy (Traditional) 171 Protestantism 176 Rationalism and Universalism 177 Selected Bibliography 179 Chapter 6: Social Class and Ethnicity 185 Overview 185 Arabs 189 Blacks 191 Bourgeoisie and Middle Class 193 Immigration 195 Income Distribution and Inequality 199 Nobility 201 Poverty and Homelessness 202 Refugee Crisis 204 Senior Citizens and Elderly 204 Suburbs 206 Working Class 207 Selected Bibliography 209 Chapter 7: Gender, Sexuality, Marriage, and Family 215 Overview 215 Attitudes toward Sex 218 Child Raising Practices 220 Feminism and Women’s Rights 222 Gender Equality and Sexual Harassment 224 Kinship and Family Structures 226 LGBTQ+ Community 229 Marriage, Divorce, Civil Unions, and Cohabitation Today 232 Marriage Traditions 234 Selected Bibliography 236 Chapter 8: Education 241 Overview 241 Early Childhood Education and Elementary Schools 245 Erasmus and International Educational Exchange in France 247 Grandes Écoles 249 Private Schools 251
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