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viii | Contents Republicanism and Public Schools 253 Secondary Schools 255 Universities and Higher Education 259 Selected Bibliography 265 Chapter 9: Language 269 Overview 269 Académie Française 272 Francophonie 273 Language Laws and Policies 275 Regional and Minority Languages, Dialects, and Varieties of French 278 Sexism and Gender Bias in French 282 Selected Bibliography 283 Chapter 10: Etiquette 287 Overview 287 Formal vs. Informal Forms of Address 289 Greeting Strangers, Acquaintances, Friends, and Family Members 290 Hosting and Gift Giving 292 Privacy and Personal Space 294 Social Hierarchies 297 Social Importance of Good Manners 298 Table Etiquette and Dinner Parties 300 Workplace Etiquette and Customer Relations 302 Selected Bibliography 303 Chapter 11: Literature and Drama 307 Overview 307 Eighteenth-Century Literature 309 Houellebecq (Michel) and the Recent French Novel 310 Literary Avant-Garde, 1950–1980 313 Literary Criticism and French Theory 314 Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature: J. M. G. Le Clézio and Patrick Modiano 316 Novel in the Nineteenth Century 318 Poetry (Modern and Contemporary) 320 Reza (Yasmina) and Recent French Theatre 322 Seventeenth-Century Theatre 324 Twentieth-Century Literature through Mid-Century (Novel and Theatre) 325 Selected Bibliography 327 Chapter 12: Art and Architecture 331 Overview 331 Contemporary Architecture 337 Contemporary Art 339 Fashion 343 French Cinema I (through the Nouvelle Vague) 345