Contents vii Preface , xiii 1 BACKGROUND AND HISTORY, 3 Introduction , 3 Th e Origins of American Racism , 5 Clearing the Land , 5 Securing Labor , 12 Discouraging Organized Rebellion , 15 Institutional Venues of Racism , 16 Justifying the Racial Hierarchy , 16 Science and Pseudoscience: Alleged Physical and Mental Diff erences , 16 Religion: Alleged Moral Diff erences , 20 Perpetuating the Racial Hierarchy , 23 Immigration , 23 Racial Categorization , 27 Participation in Governance , 28 Education , 30 Labor after Slavery , 33 Transportation , 36
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