v Contents Series Foreword xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1: Geography 1 Overview 1 Asir 2 Border Demarcations and Disputes 4 Climate 6 Eastern Arabia: Al-­Hasa 7 Environmental Issues ­ after the Gulf War 8 Fresh ­ Water Reserves and ­ Water Conservancy 9 ­ Great Deserts 11 Hijaz and Tihamah 13 Jeddah 14 Mecca 16 Medina 17 Najd: Central Arabia 18 Northern Arabia 20 The Persian Gulf 21 Population 23 The Red Sea 24 Riyadh 26 Chapter 2: History 29 Overview 29 Timeline 30 The Abbasids 36 Arab Revolt (1916–1918) 37 Discovery of Oil 39 Emirate of Diriyah: The First Saudi State (1744–1818) 40 Emirate of Najd: The Second Saudi State (1824–1891) 42 The Golden Age of Islam in Arabia 43
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