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6 Personality Disorders community, and moral standards has been diminished, which may pre- sent fewer restraints in relatively anonymous urban settings with tran- sient populations, making it easier to act out negative impulses without intervention from community members (Bayer, 2000). Effects and Costs A significant problem related to ASPD is breaking the law. Some surveys of prison populations found the rate of ASPD to be as high as 60 percent for both men and women (Wood, 2010). Other estimates indicated that approximately 20 percent of male and female prisoners are sociopaths, and these prisoners are responsible for more than 50 percent of all seri- ous crimes. Recidivism among these offenders is about double that of other offenders and triple for violent crimes (Hare, 1993 McGregor & McGregor, 2014). Other estimates suggested that approximately 1 million psychopaths are imprisoned, on parole, or on probation (Kiehl & Hoffman, 2011), accounting for about half of all serious crimes (Hare, 1993 Haycock, 2014). Cost estimates for their crimes, trials, and confinement range between $250 and $400 billion each year (Haycock, 2014 Kiehl & Buckholtz, 2010). In addition, many people with antisocial personality types commit economic crimes that do not catch the law’s attention but negatively affect many people’s lives (Dobbert, 2007). No cost estimates are available on the pain, disappointment, and heartbreak individuals with ASPD inflict on those around them—their parents, spouses, children, friends, and others they interact with—but without doubt, they are significant. Considering a different aspect of the disorder, people with ASPD are at a higher risk of dying from unnatural causes. People with this type of impairment are almost four times “as likely to die violently (e.g., suicide, accidents, and murder) as other people, according to a long-term study (Wood, 2010). Also, the comorbidity for ASPD with other impairments, such as pho- bias, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and bipolar disorder, and the co-occurrence of alco- hol and drug use or gambling addiction increase the sufferer’s difficulties (Wood, 2010). On yet another level, scientists, in their search for answers, are attempting to differentiate the working of the brains of psychopathic and of normal people. Such research requires the use of functional