Copyright © 2020 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dyson, Omari L., editor. | Jeffries, J. L. (Judson L.), 1965– editor. | Brooks, Kevin L., editor. Title: African American culture : an encyclopedia of people, traditions, and customs / Omari L. Dyson, Judson L. Jeffries, and Kevin L. Brooks. Description: Santa Barbara : Greenwood, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, [2020]. | Series: Cultures of the American mosaic | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2019038749 (print) | LCCN 2019038750 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440862458 (v. 1 cloth alk. paper) | ISBN 9781440862465 (v. 2 cloth alk. paper) | ISBN 9781440862472 (v. 3 cloth alk. paper) | ISBN 9781440862434 (set cloth alk. paper) | ISBN 9781440862441 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: African Americans—Encyclopedias. | African Americans—Social life and customs—Encyclopedias. | African Americans—Intellectual life—Encyclopedias. | African Americans—History—Encyclopedias. | African Americans—Social conditions— Encyclopedias. | Popular culture—United States—Encyclopedias. | United States— Civilization— African American influences—Encyclopedias. Classification: LCC E185 .A24 2020 (print) | LCC E185 (ebook) | DDC 305.896/073003—dc23 LC record available at https:// lccn . loc . gov2019038749 / LC ebook record available at https:// lccn . loc . gov2019038750 / ISBN: 978-1-4408-6243-4 (set) 978-1-4408-6245-8 (vol. 1) 978-1-4408-6246-5 (vol. 2) 978-1-4408-6247-2 (vol. 3) 978-1-4408-6244-1 (ebook) 24 23 22 21 20 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 147 Castilian Drive Santa Barbara, California 93117 www.abc-clio.com This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America