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Copyright © 2019 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in this book, but in some instances this has proven impossible. The editors and publishers will be glad to receive information leading to more complete acknowledgments in subsequent printings of the book and in the meantime extend their apologies for any omissions. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Levy, Peter B., author. Title: The civil rights movement : a reference guide / Peter B. Levy. Other titles: Civil rights movement in America. Description: Second edition. | Santa Barbara, California : ABC-CLIO, LLC, [2019] | Series: Guides to historic events in America | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifi ers: LCCN 2019020667 (print) | LCCN 2019020746 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440863011 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440863004 (print : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Civil rights movements—United States—History—Encyclopedias. | African Americans—Civil rights—History—Encyclopedias. | Civil rights workers—United States—Biography—Encyclopedias. | United States—Race relations—Encyclopedias. Classifi cation: LCC E185.61 (ebook) | LCC E185.61 .C6148 2019 (print) | DDC 323.1196/073—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019020667 ISBN: 978-1-4408-6300-4 (print) 978-1-4408-6301-1 (ebook) 23 22 21 20 19 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook. ABC-CLIO An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 147 Castilian Drive Santa Barbara, California 93117 www.abc-clio.com This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America