Contents Preface ix Chapter 1 Background 1 What Is Environmental Justice? 1 Types of Environmental Discrimination 6 Perpetrators and Victims 11 Challenges and Solutions 18 Future Outlook 23 Chapter 2 Unifying Themes 29 Introduction 29 Mining: Mother Earth or Mother Lode? 30 Lead, Lead Everywhere: Flint, Michigan’s Water Crisis in Context 37 The Political Economy of Lead Poisoning and Other Water Quality Issues 50 Canadian Tar Sands: From Treaty Forest to Moonscape 62 Pipelines and Protests 73 “Cowboys” vs. “Indians”: Racial Stereotyping and Agent Orange in Vietnam 78 Farmworkers: Toxicity as an Occupational Hazard 89 Extermination of the Buffalo as Environmental Warfare 103 Environmental Racism and the Demise of an Ice World 113 Chapter 3 Cases: United States East 131 Introduction 131 Houston, Texas: Segregation, Sewage, and Environmental Racism 133
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