Copyright © 2020 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Zartman, Jonathan K., editor. Title: Conflict in the Modern Middle East : An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change / Jonathan K. Zartman, editor Description: Santa Barbara, California : ABC-CLIO, An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019040891 (print) | LCCN 2019040892 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440865022 (cloth) | ISBN 9781440865039 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Civil war—Middle East—History—21st century—Encyclopedias. | Civil war—Africa, North—History—21st century—Encyclopedias. | Middle East—History—21st century—Encyclopedias. | Middle East—Politics and government—21st century—Encyclopedias. | Africa, North—History—21st century—Encyclopedias. | Africa, North—Politics and government—21st century—Encyclopedias. | LCGFT: Encyclopedias. Classification: LCC DS43 .C66 2020 (print) | LCC DS43 (ebook) | DDC 956.05/403—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019040891 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019040892 ISBN: 978-1-4408-6502-2 (print) 978-1-4408-6503-9 (ebook) 24 ​ 23 ​ 22 ​ 21 ​ 20 1 ​ 2 ​ 3 ​ 4 ​5 This book is also available as an eBook. ABC-CLIO An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 147 Castilian Drive Santa Barbara, California 93117 www.abc-clio.com This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America
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