xi Preface As I was researching the history of being transgender for this book, I was struck by the courage of transgender people, their care providers, and their allies in performing acts, small and large, aimed at reduced the suffering of transgender people and improving their lives. At the time that the concept of being transgender was developed, in the early 20th century, providers Magnus Hirschfeld and Harry Benjamin walked the streets of Berlin to intercede with the police on behalf of those who would later be called transgender. At the dawn of modern anesthesia, transgender people dared to change their bodies in untried surgical proce- dures. Harry Benjamin risked his medical license in the United States and his reputation to find surgeons who would do transgender genital plastic surgeries to change the sex of some transgender people. In California where Benjamin practiced, based on legal opinions, the operations were considered “mayhem” and therefore illegal.
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