Contents Series Foreword ix Chapter 1 Overview of the NFL National Anthem Protests 1 Chapter 2 Landmark Events 11 “The Star-Spangled Banner” Is Played at a Sporting Event for the First Time (1918) 11 “The Star-Spangled Banner” Becomes the National Anthem (1931) 14 The NFL Mandates the National Anthem Be Played before Games (1945) 17 Smith and Carlos Give the Black Power Salute at the Olympic Games (1968) 20 The Olympic Games Protest (1972) 23 The NBA Suspends Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf for Not Standing during the Anthem (1996) 26 The NFL Mandates Players Be on the Field for the National Anthem (2009) 29 St. Louis Rams Protest Police Brutality (2014) 33 University of Missouri Protests Force President’s Resignation (2015) 36 Colin Kaepernick Refuses to Stand for the National Anthem (2016) 41 Trump Calls for the Firing of Protesting NFL Players (2017) 43 NFL Protests Spread in Response to Trump Criticisms (2017) 46 The NFL Creates a Controversial New Anthem Policy (2018) 50
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