Introduction: International Relations Theory of War 7 the factors that lead to change in international systems, but the outcomes inside them after the formation of those systems. The theory contends with two of the arguments made against realism: its inability to explain change and its inability to predict change.12 The theory attempts to explain why in those international system models the two outcomes to be assessed will have similar values, whereas in different international system models the two outcomes assessed will have different values. These two phenomena, primarily stability of international systems, have been expansively discussed in theoretical research of international relations. However, to date, no comprehensive theory expansively dealing with the effect of the three possible international system models on these two international outcomes has been undertaken in the manner in which the international relations theory of war does. The international relations theory of war is based on the systemic analysis level that examines international relations from the broadest viewpoint. It attempts to conduct comprehensive reality analyses, maybe to too extreme a degree, and provide a broad mapping of international phenomena and outcomes, sometimes at the price of neglecting details. The theory acts at the international system level, and according to it, the polarity of the sys- tem is the factor that provides the best possible explanation for the various models of global outcomes. The two principles of transhistorical order, anarchy and homeostasis, have remained as two constant systemic prop- erties over the years, because the international system always remains without any supreme authority over the legitimate use of force. Countries have also remained homogeneous over the years. Therefore, according to the book’s conclusions, the changes in global outcomes throughout mod- ern history, primarily since 1816, have resulted from the difference in the polarity of the system. This means that two outcomes of the three possible international system types assessed in the study may be identified. INTERNATIONAL OUTCOMES: PRIMARY DISPUTES AND COPING The international relations theory of war contends with five key ques- tions that have been expansively discussed in the theoretical research of international relations in recent decades. The first question is does the international system encourage expansion of territory and influence or maintaining the status quo?13 The two key approaches in the debate that this question has generated are neorealism and offensive realism, theo- ries that constitute contemporary realism.14 The second question is what level affects the manner of conduct of the international system—the levels of the individual, the state, or the international system? The debate that this question has generated takes place between neorealist theories and the various realistic approaches that criticize them.15 The third question
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