Contents ix Chapter 6 Open Data: Facilitating Replication and Verification of Research Findings 93 What Are Open Data? 94 Open Data Principles 94 Open Data Policies and Mandates 97 Open Government Data 99 Journal Data Sharing Policies 99 Open Data Repositories 102 Licensing Open Data 103 Dedicating Data to the Public Domain 104 Barriers to Data Sharing and Reuse 105 Chapter 7 Citizen Science (CS): Transcending the Boundaries between Professional and Nonprofessional Science 109 What Is Citizen Science? 109 A Brief History and Current State of CS 112 Benefits of CS 114 Challenges of CS 115 Types of CS Projects 117 Chapter 8 The Many Paths to Openness: Expanding the Sphere of Open Scholarship 123 Open Peer Review 123 Invisible Colleges 126 Altmetrics 129 Online Author Identifiers 134 Transdisciplinarity 136 Conclusion 145 Glossary 149 References 155 Index 187
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