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that some of these programs were temporary and are no longer in effect): Affirmative Action Child Support Enforcement Program Civilian Conservation Corps Civil Rights Act of 1964 Civil Works Administration Community Action Programs Earned Income Tax Credit Elder Nutrition Programs Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 Federal Emergency Relief Act Food Stamp Program GI Bill Head Start Home Visitation Programs Housing, Low-Income Indian New Deal Indian Self- Determination Job Corps Living-Wage Laws Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962 Maternal and Child Health Services Medicaid Medicare Minimum- Wage Laws National Service National Voter Registration Act of 1963 New Deal Cooperative Communities Public Libraries Public Schools Public Works Adminis- tration Reconstruction Era Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act of 1921 Social Security Act Supplemental Security Income Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Tennessee Valley Authority Title IX of the 1972 Educational Amend- ments Unemployment Insurance Vocational Education Voting Rights Act of 1965 Workers’ Compensation and Works Progress Administration. The following entries deal with laws or government programs that have had mixed results in terms of helping the poor: Aid to (Families with) Dependent Chil- dren Comprehensive Employment and Training Act Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 Freedmens’ Bureau Higher Education Act of 1965 Home- stead Act of 1862 Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act Model Cities Mothers’ Pensions National School Lunch Act Orphanages and Poorhouses. To read about government laws and programs that have not been successful in combating poverty, and that in some cases made the problem worse, take a look at the following entries: Agricultural Adjustment Act General Allotment Act of 1887 Indian Removal Act of 1830 National Recovery Administration Prohibition Termination and Relocation and Urban Renewal. Which government programs are currently the most successful at lifting people above the poverty line? The following figure from the Center on Budget and Policy Earned income tax credit 27 mil. 10 mil. 897.000 482.000 468.000 427.000 426.000 Social Security Food stamps Public assistance (TANF) Unemployment Insurance Supplemental Security Income Housing assistance FIGURE 1. Children Lifted above the Poverty Line by Selected Benefits, 2002. Source: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities tabulations of the March 2003 Current Population Survey. Preface | xiii