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Activism 5 Further Reading Branham, L. S. (2002). The law of sentencing, corrections, and prisoners’ rights (6th ed.). St. Paul, MN: West. Champion, D. J. (1991). Jail inmate litigation in the 1990’s. In J. A. Thompson & G. L. Mays (Eds.), American jails: Public policy issues (pp. 197–215). Chicago: Nelson-­Hall. Haas, K. C. (1977). Judicial politics and correctional reform: An analy­ sis of the decline of the “hands-­ off ” doctrine. Detroit College Law Review, 4, 796–831. Haas, K. C., & Alpert, G. P. (Eds.). (1991). American prisoners and the right of access to the court: A vanishing concept of protection. In K. C. Haas & G. P. Albert (Eds.), The dilemmas of corrections (pp. 203–226). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Hemmons, C., Belbot, B., & Bennett, K. (2004). Significant cases in corrections. Los Ange- les: Roxbury. Jacobs, J. B. (1997). The prisoners’ rights movement and its impacts. In J. W. Marquart & J. R. Sorensen (Eds.), Correctional contexts: Con­ temporary and classical readings (pp. 231–247). Los Angeles: Roxbury. Meeropol, R., & Head, I. (Eds.). (2010). The jail­ house ­ lawyer’s handbook (5th ed.). New York: Center for Constitutional Rights. Retrieved from http://­ jailhouselaw​­ . org​ /­ category​­ / chapter​­ - 3 Palmer, J. D., & Palmer, J. W. (2015). Constitutional rights of prisoners (9th ed.). New York: Routledge. Schlanger, M. (2015). Trends in prisoner litigation, as the PLRA enters adulthood. UC Irvine Law Review, 5(1), 153–179. Smith, C. E. (2007). Prisoners’ rights and the Rehnquist era. The Prison Journal, 87(4), 457–476. Thomas, J. (1988). Prisoner litigation: The paradox of the jail­ house ­ lawyer. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield. Trammell, R. (1997, September). Out of bounds: Lewis v. Casey redefines rights previ- ously found in Bounds v. Smith—­seriously undermining prison law libraries and the ability of inmates to seek justice. AALL Spectrum, 10–11. University of Pennsylvania. (1962). Constitutional rights of prisoners: The developing law. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 110, 985–1008. Wallace, D. H. (1997). Prisoners’ rights: Historical views. In J. W. Marquart & J. R. Sorensen (Eds.), Correctional contexts: Con­ temporary and classical readings (pp. 248–257). Los Angeles: Roxbury. Activism Since the invention of the prison in Eu­rope and ­ later in the United States, a num- ber of individuals and groups have tried to ­either change correctional policies and practices and/or attempted to cast doubt on the legitimacy of incarceration and have worked to close jails, prisons, and juvenile detention facilities. In general, ­ these efforts are part of a larger discussion of prison abolition, activism, reform, ­ unions, and sentencing reform. Prison activism refers to “a broad-­ based social movement that addresses injustices in the criminal justice system” (­ Piper, 2005, p. 7). Although some constituencies want to reform the prison system, ­others want to abolish it.