Copyright © 2019 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Worley, Vidisha Barua, editor. | Worley, Robert M., editor. Title: American prisons and jails : an encyclopedia of controversies and trends / Vidisha Barua Worley and Robert M. Worley, editors. Description: Santa Barbara, California : ABC-CLIO, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018016381 (print) | LCCN 2018016538 (ebook) | ISBN 9781610695015 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440847486 (hardcopy : alk. paper) (vol. 1) | ISBN 9781440847493 (hardcopy : alk. paper) (vol. 2) | ISBN 9781610695008 (set : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Prisons—Law and legislation—United States—Encyclopedias. | Correctional law—United States—Encyclopedias. | Prisons—Law and legislation—United States—History. Classification: LCC KF9730.A68 (ebook) | LCC KF9730.A68 A44 2019 (print) | DDC 365/.97303—dc23 LC record available at https:// lccn . loc . gov2018016381 / ISBN: 978-1-61069-500-8 (set) 978-1-4408-4748-6 (vol. 1) 978-1-4408-4749-3 (vol. 2) 978-1-61069-501-5 (ebook) 23 22 21 20 19 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook. ABC-CLIO An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 931161911 - www.abc-clio.com This book is printed on acid- free paper Manufactured in the United States of America