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ADRIATIC SEA  crossed the Straits and seized Otranto in . Internal political divisions forced their withdrawal, and thereafter the Adriatic was, theoretically, open to all international commerce, although Venice continued to play a signifi cant role. Th e religious-based competition to dominate the Adriatic Sea only ceased with the collapse of the Otto- man Empire in . Eleanor Congdon References and Further Reading Fine, John V.A. Th e Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, . Fine, John V.A. Th e Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, . Fletcher, Caroline and Tom Spenser. Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and Its La- goon: State of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, . Lane, Frederic Chapin. Venice: A Maritime Republic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, . Madden, Th omas F. Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, . View of the caldera, Santorini, Greece. Th e caldera was formed by the massive eruption of a volcano on the island in  b.c.e. Th e eruption and ensuing aftermath probably caused the end of the Minoan civilization on the nearby island of Crete. iStockPhoto.