xii | Contents
Perspective Essay 2. Slavery Had Deep Roots in American History 351
Perspective Essay 3. The War of the Slaveholders’ Rebellion 355
27. In What Ways Did African Americans Affect the Outcome of
the American Civil War? 360
Background Essay 361
Perspective Essay 1. From Enslaved to Liberators 363
Perspective Essay 2. The African American Experience in the Civil War 366
Perspective Essay 3. African Americans in the Union Army 370
28. What Was the Primary Reason for the Confederate Defeat in
the American Civil War? 373
Background Essay 374
Perspective Essay 1. Ineffective Southern Military Strategy 377
Perspective Essay 2. Economics Was the Primary Cause 379
Perspective Essay 3. A Triumph of Northern Will and Power 381
29. Was Otto von Bismarck Largely Responsible for the Unification
of Germany in 1871? 385
Background Essay 386
Perspective Essay 1. The Father of German Unification 388
Perspective Essay 2. German Unification Largely Bismarck’s Work 392
Perspective Essay 3. German Unification Would Have Occurred
Even without Bismarck 395
30. Did the Unification of Germany Make a General European
War Inevitable? 399
Background Essay 400
Perspective Essay 1. Preservation versus Expansion: Otto von
Bismarck and Wilhelm II 403
Perspective Essay 2. General European War Not Inevitable 405
Perspective Essay 3. Bismarck Sought Peace 408
31. Did the American Indian Wars Constitute Genocide? 411
Background Essay 412
Perspective Essay 1. Cultural Genocide of Native American Peoples 414
Perspective Essay 2. A Clash of Incompatible Cultures 417
Perspective Essay 3. Three Centuries of Genocide 423
32. What Was the Primary Cause of the Spanish-American War? 427
Background Essay 428
