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Copyright © 2019 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in this book, but in some instances this has proven impossible. The editors and publishers will be glad to receive information leading to more complete acknowledgments in subsequent printings of the book and in the meantime extend their apologies for any omissions. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: LePree, James Francis, editor. | Djukic, Ljudmila, editor. Title: The Byzantine Empire : a historical encyclopedia / James Francis LePree, editor Ljudmila Djukic, assistant editor. Description: Santa Barbara : ABC-CLIO, [2019] | Series: Empires of the world | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019008314 (print) | LCCN 2019012095 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440851476 (ebk.) | ISBN 9781440851469 (set : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781440851483 (v.1) | ISBN 9781440851490 (v.2) Subjects: LCSH: Byzantine Empire—Encyclopedias. Classification: LCC DF504.5 (ebook) | LCC DF504.5 .B98 2019 (print) | DDC 949.5/0203—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019008314 ISBN: 978-1-4408-5146-9 (set) 978-1-4408-5148-3 (vol. 1) 978-1-4408-5149-0 (vol. 2) 978-1-4408-5147-6 (ebook) 23 22 21 20 19 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook. ABC-CLIO An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 147 Castilian Drive Santa Barbara, California 93117 www.abc-clio.com This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America