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10 Violent Extremists which are very difficult to protect. Because terrorists seek mass casualties, one site may be as good as another. If one restaurant proves hard to hit, they can strike the one next door. Although some attacks have been carried out by teams of terrorists, oth- ers have been perpetrated by lone individuals. Modern firearms are so lethal that one person can perpetrate a mass casualty attack. On June 17, 2015, white supremacist Dylan Roof entered a Charleston, South Carolina, church and murdered nine African American church members attending a Bible study. He hoped to start a race war. On June 12, 2016, Omar Mateen entered a nightclub in Orlando, Florida, with a semiautomatic rifle and pistol and opened fire. Before the carnage ended, he had killed 49 people and wounded 58 others. He had previously called 911 to tell police he had pledged allegiance to ISIS. Both Roof and Mateen fit the pattern of the lone-wolf terrorist, but they also espoused ideologies of known VEOs. Guns and bombs are not the only weapon available to terrorists. In October 2010, al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) published in its Inspire Magazine an article titled “The Ultimate Mowing Machine,” which provided instructions on how to use a pickup truck to mow down pedes- trians.9 Few supporters of AQAP answered the call to create an improvised tank, but the followers of ISIS have made continuous use of the tactic. On July 14, 2016, an ISIS sympathizer drove a truck through Bastille Day revelers in Nice, France, killing 86 people. On November 28 of the same year, another terrorist drove through a crowd of students at Ohio State University in Columbus, injuring 11 people. Three weeks later, a Tunisian terrorist hijacked a truck and used it to kill 12 people at a Berlin Christmas market. Vehicle attacks occurred throughout the following year. On March 22, 2017, a British man ran down pedestrians on Westminster Bridge in London. A few weeks later an Uzbek man killed four people when he deliberately rammed pedestrians in Stockholm, Sweden. Terrorists con- ducted another vehicle attack on London Bridge in June, and an ISIS cell used a truck to kill 13 people in Barcelona in August. Then on Halloween, an Uzbek-American who had sworn allegiance to the Islamic State used a rental truck to kill eight people on a bike path in Manhattan. Islamist extremists have not, however, been the only terrorists to use vehicles to kill people. On June 19, 2017, a white British man, plowed into a crowd of Muslims leaving evening prayers at the Finsbury Park Mosque in Lon- don, killing one and injuring 11 others. A white supremacist attending a Unite the Right rally drove his car into a group of counterdemonstrators in Charlottesville, Virginia, on August 17, 2017, killing one woman and injuring 19 others. The nightmare terrorist scenario involves extremists getting hold of a weapon of mass destruction (WMD). WMDs are chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear materials used to produce mass casualties. There have been only a few WMD terrorist attacks, and those have had limited