vi / Contents Part II: The Processes of Accountability 3. ACCOUNTABILITY PROCESSES WITHIN THE EXECUTIVE 35 BRANCH Supervisory Direction and Review 36 The Budget Process 37 Internal Audit 42 External Evaluation 47 Special Accountability Problems in Government by Proxy 54 Notes 59 4. ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS AND METHODS USED BY 63 THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH Sources of Information 64 Casework 65 The Appropriations Process 66 Oversight by Standing Committees 68 Investigations 70 Hearings 71 Reporting Requirements 73 Special Oversight Roles of the House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight (Formerly Committee on Government Operations) and the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs 74 Advice and Consent 75 Legislative Audit Agencies 79 Nonstatutory Informal Oversight 82 Joint House-Senate Investigation 84 Other Considerations 87 Notes 88 5. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN THE ACCOUNTABILITY 91 PROCESSES Public Hearings 92 Polls 93 Advisory Committees 94 "Maximum Feasible Participation" 97 The Ombudsman 98 Investigative Reporting 100 Special Interest Groups 103 "Better Government" Interest Groups 106 Summing Up 115 Notes 115
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