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Contents vii Models of the Atoms 37 Early Atomic Theory by Empedocles and Democritus 38 Atomic Number and Atomic Mass 39 Atoms and Molecules 39 Molecules and Chemical Bonding 40 Ionic Bonding 40 Covalent Bonds and Monomers 40 A Monomer 41 From Monomers to Polymers 41 Polymers and Nanotechnology 42 Polymer-Based Nanosponges 42 Polymer Solar Cells 43 A Unique Class of Synthetic Polymers, Dendrimers 43 Dendrimers and Drug Delivery 43 Molecular Self-Assembly and Nanofabrication 44 Soap Bubbles Self-Assemble 45 Using the Self-Assembly Strategy to Make Products 45 Other Applications of Molecular Self-Assembly 46 Self-Assembly in Medicine 46 NanoSonic, Inc. 47 Nano Interview: Dr. Richard Claus, President of Nanosonic 48 Nano Activity: Nanotechnology Demonstration Kit from Nanosonic 50 3. The Nanotechnology Tool Box 55 Optical Microscopes 55 Scanning Probe Microscopes 56 Surface Area to Volume at the Nanoscale 56 Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STM) 57 How Does the STM Work? 57 Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM) 57 How Does the AFM Work? 58 The Advantages of AFM 60 AFM Tips 61 Magnetic Force Microscopes 61 Interview: Nathan Unterman 61 Electron Microscopes 63 A Scanning Electron Microscope 63 Ernst Abbe 63 The Transmission Electron Microscope 64 How Does the TEM Work? 64 Scanning Electron Microscope 65