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vi | Contents Ibn Saud 44 Ikhwan 45 King Abdullah 47 The Mamluks and the Ottomans in Arabia 49 Muhammad, Prophet of Islam 51 Muhammad ibn Abd al-­Wahhab 53 Nabateans 54 Najran 55 Pre-­Islamic Arabia 56 Rashidun: The Righ­teous Caliphs 58 The Rise of Islam 60 Sharifs of Mecca 63 Third Saudi State: Saudi Arabia in the 20th ­Century 64 The Umayyads 65 Chapter 3: Government and Politics 69 Overview 69 The Arab Spring 71 Capital and Corporal Punishment 73 Constitution and ­ Legal Reform 75 Corruption 77 Gulf Cooperation Council 78 ­ Human Rights and Censorship 79 Law Enforcement and Security 81 Local Government and Municipal Elections 82 Military 84 Po­liti­cal Dissent and Opposition 85 Po­liti­cal Reform and Modernization 87 Saudi Monarchy and Branches of the Government 88 Saudi–­U.S. Relations 90 Sharia Law and Judicial System 93 Ulama 94 Wahhabi Ideology 95 Chapter 4: Economy 99 Overview 99 Agriculture 100 Diversification and Development Plans 102 Energy 103 Financial Institutions and Saudi Riyal 105 Land and House­hold Policy 107 Mi­grant Workers and Unemployment 108 Oil Industry and Aramco 110 OPEC and OAPEC 112 Petrochemical Industry 113